Topology optimization for CAD

To overcome the limitations of both explicit and implicit geometries, we propose a hybrid framework where explicit geometry (e.g., B-splines) is used to drive implicit geometry (e.g., distance fields) during topology optimization. This coupling leverages the controllability and smoothness of explicit models while allowing natural topology changes via implicit fields. It unifies geometry and topology under a single framework and enables the generation of fabrication-ready, high-quality models without complex post-processing.